Derecho y Ciencia Política

A finales del cuarto milenio antes de nuestra era, se estableció en Oriente Pró-ximo, y junto a las desembocaduras de los ríos Tigris y Eúfrates, un pueblo de ori-gen desconocido: el sumerio. Fundaron ciudades como Uruk, Ur, Isin, Larsa, La-gash, Eridu, surgidas alrededor de un templo donde se adoraba al dios local, y gobernadas por un monarca que ejercía el poder apoyándose en un consejo de an-cianos y en otro integrado por guerreros, según nos cuenta Samuel Noah Kramer 1. © UNED. RESUMEN En este artículo mostramos una panorámica de las prácticas médicas llevadas a cabo en la Antigua Mesopotamia, durante los períodos sumerio, paleobabilónico y asirio. PALABRAS CLAVE: Medicina arcaica, medicina en Mesopotamia. ABSTRACT In this paper we will discuss the healing practices carried out in the Ancient Mesopotamian along the Sumerian, Babylonian and Assyrian periods.

Se comenta que Lutero (Siglo XVI) es importante porque abre la puerta hacia esa “sensibilización, en el sentido de liberación de la tutela de la jerarquía de la Iglesia, propia de los nuevos tiempos”, precisando que Lutero fraccionó la Iglesia Católica, dando inicio al protestantismo. Aquí, los nuevos tiempos vendrán a representar el inicio de un divorcio del poderío de Roma, pero más específicamente del poder del Vaticano, significando el menoscabo del poder de la Iglesia Católica sobre los gobernantes, para dar paso a una suerte de humanismo ya de carácter necesariamente laico. Se cuestiona entonces la legitimidad de la Iglesia para ejercer su poder indiscriminada y arbitrariamente, en concreto y como detonador histórico del proceso de cambio, el poder cobrar lo que serían los indulgencias. Sin embargo, esta diferencia inicial acerca del cobro de indulgencias derivó en una brecha más profunda cuando Lutero se vio casi forzado a defender su postura de manera más teórica.

Aims:We identify optical counterparts, address uncertain identifications and measure previously unknown redshifts of the host galaxies of candidate GPS radio sources, and study their stellar populations. Methods: Long slit spectroscopy and deep optical imaging in the B, V and R bands, obtained with the Very Large Telescope. Results: We obtain new redshifts for B0316+161, B0407-658, B0904+039, B1433-040, and identify the optical counterparts of B0008-421 and B0742+103. We confirm the previous identification for B0316+161, B0407-658, B0554-026, and B0904+039, and find that the previous identification for B0914+114 is incorrect. Using updated published radio spectral information, we classify as non GPS the following sources: B0407-658, B0437-454, B1648+015. The optical colors of typical GPS sources are consistent with single instantaneous burst stellar population models but do not yield useful information on age or metallicity. A new master list of GPS sources is presented. Table [see full text] is only available in electronic form at http://www.aanda.org

We report broad-band imaging observations which reveal a circum-nuclear gas ring in NGC 4151. The ring is delineated by two arc-like features probably resulting from dust extinction of the background stellar continuum. These features are distributed along opposite quadrants of an elliptical ring which has a semi-major axis of length 1.8kpc and is approximately aligned with the NE-SW axis of elongation of the extended emission line region. We discuss this ring in relation to the spatial distribution and kinematics of both ionized and neutral gas components as revealed by published optical spectroscopy and 21-cm observations. These data allow us to form a coherent picture of the gas flows in the circum-nuclear environment of NGC 4151 which is strikingly similar to numerical simulations of streaming induced by barred potentials in which the x2 family of orbits is well developed. On this basis, we propose that the distribution of gaseous material in the galactic bar of NGC 4151 traces the path by which the gas is transported towards the active nucleus. The alignment between the circum-nuclear ring and the ENLR can then be seen as a strong indication that the collimation of the ionizing radiation field of the active nucleus is related to the dynamical parameters of the galactic bar. Specifically, we propose that bar-driven gas flows create the opaque torus which is believed to collimate the radiation field.

The paper presents the first results from long-slit spectra of the Seyfert galaxy NGC 4151 which give average diagnostic ratios of weak lines in the Extended Narrow Line Region (ENLR) of the galaxy and the first direct density measurement in an ENLR. These data confirm that the ENLR is kinematically undisturbed gas in the disk of the galaxy which is illuminated by an ionizing continuum stronger by a factor of 13 than a power law interpolated between recently observed ultraviolet and X-ray fluxes. Explanations of this apparent excess include a hot thermal continuum, time variations, and an anisotropic rotation field.

* Aims. Identify optical counterparts, address uncertain identifications and measure previously unknown redshifts of the host galaxies of candidate GPS radio sources, and study their stellar populations. * Methods. Long slit spectroscopy and deep optical imaging in the B, V and R bands, obtained with the Very Large Telescope. * Results. We obtain new redshifts for B0316+161, B0407-658, B0904+039, B1433-040, and identify the optical counterparts of B0008-421 and B0742+103. We confirm the previous identification for B0316+161, B0407-658, B0554-026, and B0904+039, and find that the previous identification for B0914+114 is incorrect. Using updated published radio spectral information we classify as non GPS the following sources: B0407-658, B0437-454, B1648+015. The optical colors of typical GPS sources are consistent with single instantaneous burst stellar population models but do not yield useful information on age or metallicity. A new master list of GPS sources is presented.

We present high quality long-slit spectra of the extended narrow line region (ENLR) near the nucleus of NGC 4151. We have used these data to map the spatial variations of the emission line intensities along three slit positions: one passing radially through the nucleus along the main NE-SW axis of the ENLR and two across this axis at offsets center on bright knots 6 sec and 11 sec to the SW, respectively. We find that, with the exception of some isolated H II regions, all the emitting regions samples by our spectra have line intensities characteristic of photoionization by an active galactic nuclei AGN-like continuum source. Along the radial axis, there is a clear discontinuity at the boundary between the nuclear narrow line region and the ENLR, where a factor approximately 10 drop in gas density coincides with a corresponding increase in the ionization level. Beyond this point there is an overal decline in ionization along the ENLR, while the gas density remains constant. The radial ionization structure is thus broadly consistent with geometrical dilution of a centrally located ionizing continuum source, presumably the active galactic nucleus. Taken together with the kinematics and morphology, these results strongly support the hypothesis that the ENLR arises from photoionization of gas in the galactic disk by an anisotropic radiation field produced by the active nucleus. It is also difficult to reconcile with the morphology of the nuclear narrow line region as revealed by Hubble Space Telescope (HST) images, if this is due solely to anisotropic illumination by the radiation field. However, it is more likely that the configuration of the emitting gas in the nucleus is the product of interactions with the radio ejecta.